Updated by the Progyny Clinical Team — August 2025.
If you and your partner are trying to conceive, you may hear medical terms that sound unfamiliar. Understanding what these terms mean can help as you explore your options. Sperm-related infertility is a factor in about 40% to 50% of couples experiencing fertility challenges. Here are some conditions and terms you might encounter, along with what they mean.
Azoospermia
Azoospermia means there are no sperm present in a semen sample. This can happen if the body is not producing sperm or if sperm cannot travel out of the body. Treatment depends on the cause and may include medication or minimally invasive procedures to help retrieve or restore sperm.
Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD)
In CBAVD, the two vas deferens — the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to mix with semen — do not form properly before birth. When the vas deferens are missing, sperm may sometimes be retrieved surgically from the testicles or epididymis. CBAVD accounts for about 1% to 2% of male factor infertility and can be linked to genetic conditions such as cystic fibrosis.
Hypospadias
Hypospadias is a condition where the opening of the urethra is located on the underside of the penis instead of the tip. It is usually present at birth and may cause difficulties with urination, sexual function, or fertility later in life. Surgical correction is often done during infancy.
Retrograde ejaculation
Retrograde ejaculation happens when semen enters the bladder instead of leaving the body through the penis during ejaculation. It can be caused by certain medications, health conditions like diabetes, or surgery that affects bladder nerves or muscles. This condition can lead to low semen volume and lower sperm counts in a semen analysis. Diagnosis is usually made with a urinalysis, and treatment is often possible.
Sexually transmitted infections
Infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, as well as others in the male reproductive system, can cause infertility. They’re often treatable with medication, but treatment may not reverse damage already done to the reproductive system.
Varicoceles
Varicoceles are enlarged veins in the scrotum, similar to varicose veins in the legs. They can interfere with blood flow and affect sperm production or quality. Many people with varicoceles and infertility have abnormal semen analysis results, such as low sperm count or sperm with irregular shapes. Treatment may include surgery, but not all cases require it.
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Disclaimer: The information provided by Progyny is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider for medical guidance.